Should Children of Divorce Be Forced to Live with a Particular Parent Essay Example for Free

Should Children of Divorce Be Forced to Live with a Particular Parent Essay Many children are victims of divorce in the United States each year. The judicial system believes that, in each case, the child or children that are subjected to divorce should reside where the child(ren) would â€Å"be better off†, citing that living with one parent who provides a more stable atmosphere for the child(ren) would be more beneficial. Others believe that children who are subjected to divorce should be able to choose which parent they wish to live with. Many also wonder with divorces involving multiple children: Should we keep them together? Many judges believe that a child’s voice or preference should not be heard because a child is too young to know what is best for him or her. In most states, the average age is 12 to 14 years for a child to verbally state their opinion on which parent they choose to live with; even then, the judge will not rely on that child’s opinion alone. A judge believes that a child’s preference is only one of many factors in determining which parent receives custody of the child. A judge considers which parent can provide a more stable home or atmosphere, and he or she may also consider which parent is able to earn more income. I agree with many parents that believe their child(ren) have a voice that should be heard. Forty percent of children growing up in America today are being raised without their fathers. My parents divorced in 1986, when I was 6 years old. I didn’t fully understand what was happening at the time, but I also wasn’t able to choose which parent I wanted to live with. My brother and I were made to live with our mom, while our dad had visitation rights every other weekend until he moved to Ohio from West Virginia in 1989. My mom had started experimenting with drugs and illegal narcotics, even sometimes doing them right in front of me. I was extremely unhappy living with her, even though I still loved her. I went to visit with my dad in the summer of 1990, where he had asked me to live with him permanently. I didn’t want to have to choose between my parents because I loved them both very uch equally, but I knew that I would be better off if I lived with my dad. The judge in the case was ready to throw my dad in jail, feeling that he had coerced me into wanting to live with him. Once I demonstrated I had knowledge of the impact of my long-term future, the judge then willingly agreed to let me live with my dad. I spent half of my early life living with my mom, and the other half living with my dad. Most children of divorce are not able to voice their opinion as to who they can live with until they reach a certain age. Instead of legislating law in terms of age, our judicial system should allow children of divorce to speak to a counselor or psychiatrist to voice their opinion, and if they can demonstrate why they would be better off living with the parent of choice, they should be allowed to voice their opinion to a judge. Divorce is sometimes unavoidable, but we should all work together to determine what our children want and who they want to live with. We shouldn’t neglect their opinions just because they are not of a certain age as long as they can show that they know what is right and what is wrong.

Immediate Dentin Sealing Of Crown Health And Social Care Essay

Immediate Dentin Sealing Of Crown Health And Social Care Essay Background: Dental crowns are ideal restoration to protect teeth that have been extremely worn down, broken, weakened by caries, and heavily filled or root canal treated. They can be also used for aesthetic purposes. Full crown preparation requires more tooth removal than other restorations and is associated with dentine exposure. When a two-stage crown fabrication is planned, there is a risk of bacterial contamination of the pulpal tissue through dentine and eventually vitality loss. The main objective of this protocol is to assess whether immediate sealing of the exposed dentine surface following crown preparation of back teeth can lead to a decrease in microleakage and bacterial infiltration from the oral environment. Methods: This protocol, immediate dentine sealing of crown preparations, demonstrates a model for a one year, three years and six years follow-up, in-vivo, randomised controlled trial with a balanced treatment allocation of 1:1 (immediate dentine sealing vs. delayed sealing). The treatment will include tooth preparation, impression taking, temporary crown placement and full crown fit on a posterior tooth. Discussion: The results of the study would provide insight into the question of whether immediate sealing of dentine after crown preparation reduces the bacterial ingression and incidence of vitality loss of teeth. The results would also help to provide evidence based suggestions for clinicians and other researchers. Overview This dissertation consists of literature review and a representation of the study design and methodology, followed by data management, statistical analysis and quality assurance of proposed study. Other sections are allocated to ethical consideration and reflection on thesis procedure. DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT The author of this dissertation (including any appendices and/or schedules to this dissertation) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the Copyright) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. Copies of this dissertation, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has entered into. This page must form part of any such copies made. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the Intellectual Property) and any reproductions of copyright works in the dissertation, for example graphs and tables (Reproductions), which may be described in this dissertation, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this dissertation, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Dissertation restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Librarys regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The Universitys Guidance for the Presentation of Dissertations. Acknowledgements I have great pleasure to express my gratitude to my Tutor (Juliette Kendall). She has been most helpful and supportive throughout. Introduction, Research question and PICO 1.1 Introduction Restoring teeth with full-coverage crowns is a routine treatment in general dental practice. This normally requires two visits, one for crown preparation and impression taking and one for final cementation of the crown once the restoration has been produced in the dental laboratory. Provisional crowns which will be provided to protect the tooth between two visits could cause problems since they are not bonded to the prepared tooth surface permanently and require removal prior to final cementation. Problems may occur if the bacteria from oral cavity gain access to the pulpal tissue. The consequence could be pulp inflammation or even irreversible pulp infection, which requires endodontic treatment. There are some evidence in the literature that suggests that applying a sealant material on the freshly prepared teeth may reduce the invasion of the pulp by bacteria (Magne et al., 2007). Any effort needs to be made to reduce the risk of vitality loss in teeth requiring a full-coverage crow n. There are other alternatives to reduce the bacterial ingression like CAD/CAM technology. This method allows restoring a tooth with a crown in a single visit. Reis 2006 believes that using this system may decrease the possibility of bacterial infection of the pulp as there is no need for provisional coverage of the prepared tooth. 1.2 Research question Protecting the exposed dentine with a sealant after a crown preparation requires some additional steps and is more expense and time-consuming than the traditional procedure. The research question is if it is clinically necessary to seal the exposed dentine immediately after the preparation with a dentine sealing agent or not. 1.3 PICO Population: NHS and private patients between the age of 18 and 58 years of age in general dental practice requiring full-coverage crowns of a posterior tooth. Intervention: Sealing the exposed dentine of prepared teeth for full crown coverage with a dentine sealing agent instantly after the preparation before taking a final impression and temporisation. Control: Not sealing the exposed dentine of prepared teeth for full crown coverage with a dentine sealing agent instantly after the preparation. Outcome measure: Comparing the vitality loss of the prepared teeth for full crown restoration at one year, three years and six years. Aims and objectives Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of instant sealing of posterior teeth prepared for full crown coverage prior to impression taking and temporisation in terms of vitality loss compared with teeth without any sealant application. Objectives: The primary objective is to assess whether an instant sealing of prepared posterior teeth for full crown restorations with a dentine sealant results in a reduction in vitality loss. To organise a clinical trial and to allocate two groups of participants (NHS and private) aged between 18 and 58 requiring a crown on a posterior tooth. One group will have their prepared teeth covered and one group not. To analyse the achieved data and to determine whether there is a difference between groups in terms of loss of vitality. Literature review 3.1 Introduction The assumption of this protocol is the proposition that the instantaneous sealing of exposed dentine after crown preparation, will help against the bacterial contamination of the pulpal tissue and decreases the probability of the treated tooth requiring root canal treatment in the future. 3.2 Search Strategy The strategy conducted for this literature review included an electronic search of the following databases: EMBASE (1995 Oct 2011), MEDLINE (1995 Oct 2011) and Cochrane Library. The reference list includes hand-searched articles and key journals related to researching. Key words: REFER TO KEY WORD EITHER HERE OR APPENIX 3.3 Background Where tooth destruction by dental disease is extensive, restoration may only be possible with full coverage restorations or crowns. There is a big number of NHS and private patients in UK requiring a full coverage of posterior teeth due to failed huge previous restorations, fractured cusps or following a root canal therapy. Tooth preparation for full coverage crown requires more tooth removal than other restorations. It should be carried out in a conservative way. The reason is to reduce the post-preparation sensitivity and pulp tissue protection in vital teeth and to maximise the remaining tooth structure. 3.4 Crown Preparation and pulp Health of pulp tissue can be affected by any restorative treatment. This is due to a continuous extension between dentinal and pulpal fluid (Pashley 1992). Preparation for a full-coverage restoration requires removal of most of the enamel resulting in an exposed dentine surface and may affect the pulp. In one study by Jackson et al. (1992) irreversible pulpitis occurred in 5.7% of cases in which crowns were placed. The bigger the exposed dentine surfaces during tooth preparation like for a crown, the greater the risk of bacterial infiltration from the oral environment (Pashley, 1990). Saunders and Saunders (1998) considered the vitality loss in adults who received full crowns in a dental hospital based on radiographic analysis and found that 19% of the patients in the study have lost vitality of the prepared teeth. A study by Cheung et al. (2005) aimed to investigate the influence of factors connected with pulpal damage in teeth restored with porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns or crowned as a fixed bridge abutment. The study reveals that the preparation for either of the restorations requires a considerable reduction of dentine and may cause trauma to pulp tissue but the survival rate of pulp in single-unit crowns is higher than in abutment teeth. Bergenholtz and Nyman (1984) and Karlsson (1986) demonstrated a permanent pulpal damage rate of 1% year for vital teeth following a crown restoration. 3.5 Crown Vs. other restorations Many previous studies have supported the use of indirect intracoronal restorations (porcelain or composite) in vital teeth as advantageous against full-coverage restorations due to their less invasively preparation and more conservative nature (Jackson, 2008, Magne et al., 1996, Dietschi et al., 1994). They have been also considered to be easier to do than a crown and are no more expensive than crowns or root canal treatments. A literature review by Kerschbaum and Voß 1981 showed that inlay restorations at 10 years have 9.5% lower rate of vitality loss compared to full crown restorations. When aesthetic aspect is not the first priority properly designed and provided inlays and onlays have the same longevity and durability as crowns (Jackson, 2008). Cusp replacement with resin composite can be considered as alternative to traditional cusp replacement by crowns due to advanced adhesive technology. Deliperi et al. (2006) highlight that if the bonding agent is not stressed, an acceptable success rate could be achieved by using this method. According to van Dijken et al. (2001) an indirect cusp replacement restoration with ceramic might be considered indicated. This has the benefit of saving valuable remaining tooth substance and eventually avoiding endodontic therapy. 3.6 Dentin Bonding There are recommendations in the literature for sealing the dentine with a Dentine Bonding Agent (DBA) following crown preparations in order to minimise the associated complications like hypersensitivity (Clinical Research Associates 1993). Dentine bonding agents have shown to be advantageous over the smear layer itself due to their mechanical retention (Nakabayashi et al. 1982) and moisture and acid resistance (Brunton et al. 2000). Over the last decades they have been considered as a modern way of sealing exposed dentine (Ferrari M. et al. 1999, Swift EJ et.al 2001). Some authors have compared the effectiveness of DBA with smear layer as a natural barrier. Pashley (1984) states that dentine permeability can be reduced up to 98% when smear layer is produced by slow or fast rotary headpieces but it would not last for more than a few days due to acidic PH from the oral cavity (Kerns DG. et al. 1991) .There are several advantages of DBAs over the smear layer like hybrid layer as described by Nakabayashi (1982) and resisting moisture and acid (Brunton et al. 2000). The result of various in-vitro studies on humans teeth (Pashley et al. 1992, White et al. 1992, Al-Fawaz et al. 1993) and animals teeth (Suzuki et al. 1994) supports the idea of sealing the dentine of prepared teeth for a crown restoration. A literature review by Lam, C.W. and Wilson, P.R. (1999) revealed that dentine sealing with bonding agents prior to crown cementation could be beneficial due to fluid flow reduction in dentine tubules. Magne (2005) believes that immediate application of dentine bonding agents or Immediate Dentine Sealing (IDS) prior to impression taking can reduce the postoperative sensitivity and bacterial contamination. 35% H3PO4 is normally used to remove the smear layer before DBA application. There are different ways of sealing dentinal tubules after the preparation. Edward and swift (2009) reviewed several in vitro research studies on the immediate dentine sealing technique in a critical appraisal and came to following conclusions. First, immediate sealing of fresh dentin improves the resin adhesion and the bond strength will be affected by late application. Second, the IDS provide a mechanical barrier which minimises the postoperative sensitivity, bacterial contamination and eventually the necessity of local anaesthesia. Most Practitioners prefer to use self-etch-adhesives. However, Magne et al. (2007) believe that a three-step, etch-and-rinse adhesive has shown to be more efficient. In order to avoid complications after the IDS, some clinical steps need to be taken. The appearance of an O2 -inhibitory layer is not desirable and should be prevented by light-curing the dentine adhesive twice under a glycerine coating. This step avoids the reaction between inhibitory layer and impression material. The reaction between temporary crown and sealed tooth should also be prevented by applying a separating material. The influence of dentine on antimicrobial effect of ingredients added to one-step dentine sealants was assessed by Gondim et al. (2008) and revealed a reduced affectivity after polymerisation with UV light. 3.7 Temporary Crowns Temporary crowns are provisional restorations that are fitted on the teeth between preparation and fit appointment. They have various functions, mainly dentine protection and tooth movement prevention. Their role is often overlooked by practitioners (Wassel et al. 2002). Pre-formed crowns (plastic, metal) and self or light cured resins are usually used in the dental practices as convenient for temporary restorations. Many temporary crowns have poor-fitting margins based on production procedure and material used. Some materials create a gap between the temporary and the prepared tooth due to polymerisation shrinkage (Robinson and Hovijitra, 1982)( Tjan et al. 1987). Cervical border of a temporary crown is the primary area to be reached by bacteria from the oral environment. Richardson et al. (1991) believe that dentine in the cervical margin shows higher permeability than dentine in other surfaces of the prepared tooth and that confirms the importance of good marginal adaptation of temporary crowns. A paper by Cagidiaco et al. (1996) considers the exposure of vital pulp tissue to bacterial contamination and irritants after dentine preparation in the base of a cavity, especially if temporary shows an unsatisfactory sealing. Exposed dentinal tubules after a crown preparation provide a way for transfer of substances between the pulpal tissue and periphery (Garberoglio and Brannstrom M. 1976). These tubules are expected to be sealed by cement. Different researchers (White et al. 1992, White et al. 1994, Lyons. et al, 1997, Baldissare. et al. 1998, Goldman et al. 1992) have found microleakage to be present after either permanent or temporary crown cementation. Literature review supports the evidence of benefit of immediate dentine bonding as a technique during temporisation of indirect provided restorations but reveals a lack of in vivo evidence. This fact supports the requirement for this clinical study. Study design methodology The study design and methodology will be presented in accordance with the CONSORT explanation for reporting on clinical trials (Moher et al., 2010). 4.1 Trial Design This will be a randomised controlled parallel two-armed trial-pragmatic group trial to take place over the duration of a six-year period. The study will provide a 1:1 allocation ratio. One molar tooth will be randomly chosen per participant. The evaluation of the outcome will take place at one year, three years and five years (Fig 1). 4.1.1 Changes to trial design The Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will have access to the un-blinded data. The study protocol may be altered by DMC due to their recommendations. 4.2 Participants Participant selection will take place utilising new and existing patient population that attends the dental practice. Recruitment will be on a continuous basis until the required numbers of participants have been enrolled into the study (see section 5 for sample size calculation). This will ensure the pragmatic nature of the trial as no proactive recruitment of patients from leaflet drops and advertising will take place. A trained member of staff will administrate the consent process once a patient has been identified as having an eligible tooth suitable for the study. 4.2.1 Inclusion criteria for participants: Healthy adult patients between 18-58 years of age Provide a written informed consent, understand spoken and written English. Regular attenders (at least every six months) with a two-year record Require a full coverage of a Molar (Upper or Lower arch) With a crown Selected tooth must be periodontally healthy. Selected tooth must be vital and without any history of pulpitic symptoms within the last 12 months. Are able to attend follow-up appointments. In terms of periodontal status, the chosen teeth for study have to have a BPE less than three mm as per guidelines published by British Society of Periodontology (BSP). The teeth must be also radiographically free of any pre-operative pathological signs meaning intact pulp with no evidence of radiopaque foreign materials in the pulp chamber and/or root canals(s) and no periradicular radiolucent area. 4.2.2 Exclusion criteria for participants: Irregular attenders to dental practice History of pulpitic symptoms in the last 12 months Patients participating in any other medical trials Notable medical history change or pregnancy Existing periapical pathology (radiographically) Periodontal pockets more than three mm Pulpal exposure or extending caries into the pulp chamber Vulnerable adults or children 4.3 Study location and settings The trial will take place in twenty dental practices based in the United Kingdom. General Dental Practitioners with more than five years experience and qualification in a post-graduate restorative dentistry will be recruited. 4.4 Withdrawals Patients may be disqualified if they experience medical complications or refuse to attend routine check-ups. A patient may also be withdrawn from the study if the tooth suffers from a trauma, requires extraction or develops pockets deeper than 3mm due to insufficient oral hygiene. Information on all patients, including the reason for the withdrawal will be collected and added to trial data report. Patients may also choose to withdraw from the study themselves. 4.5 Randomisation Initial selection process will include all teeth that are suitable per patient. To maintain allocation concealment and to limit the occurrence of selection bias (Vickers A.J. 2006) a remote allocation officer in the central generates the allocation of teeth for either the intervention or control group. The participants initials, gender, date of birth and tooth notation will be submitted to a centre securely, where randomisation will occur within the patients to select the eligible tooth and to allocate the patient to the treatment or control group using a computer generated sequential number list. The trial will include only one allocated tooth per patient per control or treatment group. The indication of allocation will be sent to the general dental practitioner in an envelope with the patients identification code and the tooth number. The code for trial remains hidden until the clinical procedure to treat all eligible teeth is ready. At this time, it will be opened by the operator but not revealed to the participants. The randomisation will be balanced to a 1:1 ratio for each provider in each practice. Simple randomisation is suitable to generate a balanced group. Balance between the groups at each location will be verified by the trial allocation operator regularly. 4.6 Baseline assessment A baseline examination will be carried out by operators once the suitable patients have completed the consent procedure. The assessment will include: Patients Identification, age and gender Medical and social history Dental history Extra-oral examination: Musculoskeletal assessment, Soft tissue profile, TMJ Intra-oral examination: Oral Hygiene, periodontal assessment, soft tissue, occlusal analysis, vitality testing, Ridge mapping, Radiographic evaluation of tooth prior to preparation Reason for Crown placement 4.7 GDP training Each of the operators will attend a one-day training program on techniques. Clinical consensus will be ensured and standardised in a discussion with investigators in a separate session and will include a clinical protocol for the preparation of teeth for a full coverage with a crown, impression taking and temporisation. Additional clinical protocols will be prepared for immediate dentine sealing after preparation and for final cementation of the restoration. A clinical team member will be appointed as the independent observer to evaluate the compliance to the study criteria. All materials and Instruments used will be applied as per manufacturers instructions. The Crown system used in the study is Cercon ht (Dentsply) full Contour Zirconia. The high strength of zirconia-based ceramic restorations increases the indications for choice. They can be a near ideal choice for restoring crowns, fixed partial dentures, and implants in aesthetic areas. Because of their high strength, zirconia-based ceramic restorations can be cemented with traditional cements or bonded with adhesive resin cements. Like gold, Cercon ht has a simple, clinical protocol, requiring conservative tooth reductions of as little as 0.5 to 1.0 mm. A feature that is friendly to both patients dentition and dentists chair time. All clinical and laboratory techniques for teeth involved in the study are specified as per Dentsply protocol. 4.8 Intervention A universal self-priming dental adhesive system (Prime Bond NT Dual cure, Dentsply) and a dual cure resin cement (Calibra, Dentsply) will be used to bond the indirect restoration to the tooth. The literature supports the chosen material for this proposed study (Barnes et al., 2006). 4.8.1 Intervention protocol for Immediate Dentine Sealing (IDS) The teeth will be sealed immediately after preparation with Prime Bond NT Dual Cure (Dentsply). To avoid any bond contamination, retraction cord will be placed before dentine sealing. The protocol for dentine bonding is as manufacturers instructions: Clean freshly instrumented dentine with water spray and air dry. It is recommended not to etch dentine to minimize the possibility of post-operative sensitivity. Place 1-2 drops of Prime Bond NT adhesive into a clean plastic mixing well. Place an equal number of drops of Self Cure activator into the same mixing well. Mix Contents for 1-2 seconds with a clean, unused brush tip. Immediately apply mixed adhesive/activator to thoroughly wet all the tooth surfaces. These surfaces should remain wet for 20 seconds and may necessitate additional application of mixed adhesive/activator. Remove excess solvent by gently drying with clean, dry air at least for 5 seconds. Surface should have a uniform glossy appearance. Cure mixed adhesive/activator for 10 seconds using a curing light. Check curing light for minimum curing output of at least 550mw/cm2 and a spectral output, including 470nm (peak absorption of the CQ photoinitiator). Control Group Exactly the same procedure will be used for the control group prior to final bonding of the Crown. 4.8.2 Protocol for Impression taking Study Group (IDS) In practice, freshly cut dentin is present only at the time of tooth preparation (before impression). Freshly cut dentin is the ideal substrate for dentin bonding. Most studies on Dentine Bonding Agents (DBA) bond strength use freshly prepared dentin (Magne 2005). There is a possibility for the oxygen inhibition layer of filled resin of the dentine bonding agent to inhibit the setting of the impression material. The bonded teeth have to be cleaned with pumic and a rubber prophylactic cup and washed with water and air dried before the impression (Magne and Nielsen, 2009b). Impressions will be taken with an A-silicone double-mix technique (Aquasil ultra, Dentsply) as per manufactures Instruction. Control Group (no sealing) Impressions will be taken as per study group without sealing the dentine with DSA. 4.8.3 Protocol for temporisation Study Group (IDS) A prefabricated light curable temporary Crown (Protemp Crown temporisation material, 3M ESPE) will be fitted on the prepared tooth standard temporary cements. The occlusion will be controlled and if necessary adjusted. Control group A temporary crown will be fitted as above without any DBA application and after Impression taking as per clinical consensus guidelines. 4.8.4 Protocol for final cementation Study group (IDS) Just prior to the luting procedures (when placing the final restoration), it is recommended to roughen the existing adhesive resin using a coarse diamond bur at low speed or by microsandblasting (Magne 2005). The tooth and the restoration will be treated as per manufacturers instructions, and the crown can be cemented with dual cure resin (Calibra, Dentsply). Control group The same procedure as for study group will be carried out except the adhesive resin roughening step. 4.9 Outcomes The outcome measures will be assessed, and the CRF forms updated at baseline and at recall appointments of 1 year, 3 years and 5 years. Any relevant clinical incident between these times affecting the trial tooth needs to be recorded on CRF. Base-line findings and post-operative taken periapical (PA) of each trial tooth at one year and five years will be studied, assessed and recorded by two blind assessors. These precalibrated, independent observers will examine the radiographs and categorize the periapical status of the selected teeth according to a written set of criteria (Cheung et al. 2005) (Table 1). Categories 1, 2 or 3 are deemed to be associated with a non-vital pulp. If there are any disagreement, a third assessor will be involved as an arbitrator before a final score is reached. The protocol for Periapicals will adhere to the guidelines produced by the faculty of General Dental Practitioners (Pendlebury et al., 2004). An Independent assessor will audit each practice participating in the study to ensure compliance with radiology regulations (IRMER). 4.10 Blinding Every effort will be made to prevent disclosure of the exact nature of the study aim and to which arm of the study the participants have been allocated. This will be specified to minimise assessment reactivity, which has been hypothesised by McCambridge and Strang (2005). The date collection statistician who assesses and calculates the outcome results will also be blinded to the individual patient allocation to limit detection bias. The operators will not be blinded but the allocation of whether the tooth is to be control or intervention will be concealed until intervention procedure is to be carried out. 4.11 Follow up An important selection criterion to minimise drop-out is the eligibility of the patients to be regular attenders at the relevant dental practices. Patients lost to follow up will be recorded.. Category Status Description 0 Intact pulp No evidence of radiopaque foreign material in pulp chamber and/or root canal(s), and no periradicular radiolucent area 1 Widening of the PDL space Widening of the apical part of the periodontal ligament space, not exceeding two times the width of the lateral periodontal ligament space 2 Periapical radiolucency Radiolucency in connection with the apical part of the root, the diameter exceeding two times the width of the lateral periodontal ligament space 3 Endodontically treated tooth Tooth with radiopaque material in pulp chamber (if discernible) and/or root canal(s) Table 1- Radiographic categorization of pulpal status (Cheung et al. 2005) 4.12 Safety This study will not be utilising any investigational medicinal products; it will therefore be classed as a non- Clinical Trial of an Investigative Medicinal Product trial (non-CMITP). All untoward incidents will be adverse events rather than adverse reaction. The study is also compatible with Data Protection and Mental Capacity Act. The treatment options being studied are non-life threatening on non-vulnerable adults with no risk of harm and no unknown or uncertain risks. A Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will be appointed who makes recommendations, as required, to the chair of the Trial Steering Committee. This committee is responsible for ensuring that the intervention and control techniques will be carried out under the guidance provided by the EU directive for Good Clinical Practice. 4.12.1 Assessment of Safety There are no expected unexpected adverse events since the intervention is used routinely in general dental practice. The using of etching gel has expected adverse events should it come into contact with the soft tissues (Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) sheet). All other dental materials involved (Prime Bond NT Dual Cure, Calibra dual cure resin cement (Dentsply), Protemp Crown temporisation material, 3M ESPE) are fully licensed within the medical devices regulations for use in dentistry in UK. All operators are experienced dental practitioners having handled these materials routinely and will be trained in dealing with expected adverse reactions should the product inadvertently come into contact with pati

Concealing Dalkey Hill: Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa Essay

Concealing Dalkey Hill: Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa T.S. Eliot declared that Ulysses was a masterpiece because it demonstrated the futility of all prior literary styles. Indeed, the episodes of "Oxen of the Sun" and "Aeolus" could be taken as challenging primers on English style and rhetoric. This kaleidoscopic potential is seemingly reduced to a stark black-and-white vision in "Nausicaa." As many critics have pointed out, Joyce stylizes Gerty MacDowell's half of the narrative with a saccharine veneer which euphemizes her sexual encounter (itself a distanced and euphemized rendezvous) with Bloom. The first-time reader and seasoned critics alike are led into sneering at Gerty behind the safety of the author's overt critique of her superficiality; only when Joyce reveals the psychological origin of her constant evasion - her lame leg, a condition which is only hinted at until Bloom notices it post-climax - are the first seeds of pity sown in the reader's mind. The audience's appreciation of Gerty's "defect" grows "ten times worse" (301) in light of Bloom's uncharacteristically cavalier and scurrilous attitude towards a fellow outsider in which he, too, is guilty of his own brand of sexual evasion. As the reader implicitly identifies Bloom's rather heartless outlook with his own, he compensates for his initial condemnation of Gerty's character by sentimentalizing her with a Dickensian gloss - and thus is held as culpable of evasion as the episode's heroine and hero. Joyce's manipulation of his audience's expectations is never deployed through explicit moralizing but through his parallactic style (a concept distinct from the stylistic cornucopia present elsewhere in the novel), a shifting mode through which he questions t... ...ernan's, he reminds himself of the necessity for perspectival inclusion: "Mistake to hit back. Or? No. Ought to go home and laugh at themselves. Always want to be swilling in company. Afraid to be alone like a child of two. Suppose he hit me. Look at it other way round. Not so bad then. Perhaps not to hurt he meant. Three cheers for Israel." (311) Bloom's mollification of the Citizen's undoubtedly hostile remark may spring from either cowardice or his underlying sense of humanity, depending on how one takes it. And that parallactic means of interpretation is what "Nausicaa" requires - not only for interpreting the text, but for interpreting our interpretation. We, after all, are the ultimate voyeurs in an episode of purely visual interaction. To commit our literary resources to uncovering the work alone, and not ourselves, is yet another instrument of evasion.

Housman’s Poem, To an Athlete Dying Young Essay -- A Shropshire Lad

This poem is a part of Housman’s most famous volume of work called A Shropshire Lad. In these works Housman wanted the reader to think about life and the meaning of it all. In one of Housman’s most celebrated poems â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young†, Critics dissect the themes of staying on top eternally, dying when one is a champion, and not letting the fame fade. Critic Scott-Kilvert says that Housman â€Å"voices the familiar passions of humanity with a death dealing sweetness† (Scott-Kilvert 628) This poem may be considered an elegy, or a piece of Romance literature. It has seven quatrains of rhymed iambic tetrameter, and each line containing eight syllables. The even numbered syllables are stressed, and the first, second, third, and fourth lines rhyme on the final syllable (Magil 3,889). The setting of the poem is in a town. The setting switches to a cemetery where the athlete is buried. The narrator of this poem is Housman who takes the persona of a resident of the town in which the athlete lived. The main character in this poem is the athlete who is a running champion but died at his peak of athletic ability. The townspeople are neighbors and admirers of the athlete. They represent the athletes’ glory and fame (Cummings, scr. 1). In order to understand this poem one must look at the themes that are relevant throughout. â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† exemplifies the theme of glory. For example in this poem the athlete is glorified for the winning of the race. Even when death comes upon the athlete he is still praised by the townspeople. In addition the athlete is also commended by the dead for his wiliness to die a champion (Ruby 233). The townspeople will now remember the athlete forever at his peek of his powers instead of watching t... ...ek culture. The second meaning of â€Å"garland† is a gathering of poetic versus, usually poems that praise life. Bruce believes that there is an irony in these two different meanings. He says â€Å"The message is that death is the ultimate victor† (Meyer 237). This seems to be the main theme of the poem but if the garland represents the second meaning then Bruce would say â€Å"What death takes away is not simply a hero but the joys and sorrows of life† (Meyer 237). In this second definition the reward of life may be greater than the fame earned. â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† shows the reader different concepts on life. Fame will fade as life continues, so in order to preserve fame one must face death. The views on this poem range from right to left but they all come back to the same major idea. That if one wants to be a champion eternally; one must die a champion for eternity.

Professional Issues in Nursing Essay

As a nurse, I make judgement that would affect patient’s health every day, I am aware that I have a great duty to ensure my patient’s safety to maintain the public trust (Chitty & Black, 2011). After learning this module, it helped me acquire adequate knowledge to better manage legal and ethical issues at work. For the sake of providing a high quality of care to my patients, I must be knowledgeable in both (Croke, 2003). Nowadays, the public is aware of legal issues and organized information is available through the internet. As a result, medical litigation claims have been rapidly increasing. Most claims against nurses are due to medical negligence (Tay, 2001). I am liable for my own practice, and if I fail to act as a reasonable prudent person in certain conditions, I may be liable for medical negligence (Chitty & Black, 2011). Research shows several errors leading to nursing negligence. For instance, a nurse fails to follow standards of care, fails to use equipment in a responsible manner, fails to communicate, fails to document, fails to assess and monitor and fails to act as a patient’s advocate (Croke, 2003). In 1998, Hurwitz states in order to prove medical negligence, the patient plaintiff must prove: The defendant nurse owned the plaintiff a duty of care and breached in this duty of care by failing to provide the required reasonable standard of care. Thus this breach of duty of care caused the plaintiff damage. I would like to discuss a case encounter in my practice for example to reflect my knowledge. A 55 year old patient admitted for chest pain and on telemetry monitoring. This patient requested for shower, a nurse removed his telemetry and was ask to assist the patient during shower, but the patient insisted to shower on his own. Then the nurse left the patient alone without instructing him to call for help if he felt any discomfort. After a while, the nurse went back to check, patient was found collapsed on the toilet floor. The issue that came across my mind is â€Å"If I am that nurse, am I negligent?† Learning point 1: Duty of care A patient went to the hospital and hospital is agreeable for patient’s treatment, there will be a contract between the hospital and patient. The hospital has the duty to provide quality treatment to the patient. Nurse as the employee, if he acts badly, it can be reasonably foreseen that the  patient may be injured. Therefore the nurse owes a duty of care in treating the patient (Staunton & Whyburn, 1996). In this scenario, I have a bond with my patient; therefore I owe a duty to provide reasonable and competent care to my patient (Hurwitz, 1998). Learning point 2: Standard of care The nursing standard of care is what the reasonably prudent nurse did in the same circumstances (Staunton & Whyburn, 1996). In Singapore, we have the standard of care and code of ethics for nurses and midwifes as our guideline for practice, it is our responsibility to follow the standard ( Singapore nursing board, 2011). In this case, the patient’s determination to shower without assistance, is his autonomy (Tay, 2001). According to value statement of code of ethics, I respected the patient’s individual needs and privacy, and also respected and promoted patient’s autonomy by allowing patient to do so (Singapore Nursing Board, 2011). In this case, there is a conflict between respecting patient’s autonomy and providing care in a responsible and accountable manner. I need to make a choice between two alternatives. There is no absolutely right or wrong decision (Keilman & Dontje, 2002). The decision made by me is to respect the patient’s autonomy, but this may violate the principle of non-maleficence as this decision of allowing patient to shower alone may delay the time to find out patient has collapsed, then it unintentionally caused harm, so I failed to provide in a responsible and accountable care (Chitty & Black, 2011). If I choose to provide care in a responsible and accountable manner, I should have insisted to accompany patient, but by doing so I may violate patient’s autonomy. According to standard of care of nurses and midwives, I should communicate with client effectively and provide appropriate information to the patient (Singapore nursing board, 2011). I should inform patient that he is on high risk of developing heart attack and shall be monitored closely. Failure to communicate effectively leads a breach of duty. Learning point 3: Avoid medical negligence To avoid medical negligence, I think the most important is to prevent the breach of duty of care. According to Bolam test, I will not breach the duty of care if I followed the standard of care (Hurwitz, 1998). In order to meet the standard of care, I need to be a knowledgeable and a safe practitioner,  be technically competent, and keep up-to-date with current practice (Chitty & Black, 2011). We must be familiarized with the standard in nursing practice. When we use them to guide our daily practice, we are acting in the best interest of the patient (Singapore Nursing Board, 2011). When you do decision making, ask yourself, â€Å"have you followed the standard of care?† Nowadays, â€Å"the nurses are also being encouraged to act as advocates for their patients, to safeguard standards of care and to speak out where those standards may be at risk.† (McHale & Tingle, 2001, p36). I think, our role as an advocate needs to improve, as nurses do not have the courage to interr ogate the doctor’s order. Clinical improvement If this scenario happens again, what do you think will help the patient? I feel there are some good strategies to adhere: Set hospital policy and educate the staff to provide comprehensive information (Chitty & Black, 2011), for example, they must understand that for clients on telemetry monitoring, patient should not be left alone. The patient must be warned that he is at risk of heart attack. To persuade patient for his desired action, and for his own safety, he should allow assistance. If patient is stubborn and insists to shower without supervision, delegate a staff to standby at the shower door, the hospital need to ensure adequate staff patient ratio (Chitty & Black, 2011). References Chitty, K. K., & Black, B. P. (2011). Professional nursing: concepts & challenges (6th ed.). Maryland Heights, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. Croke, E. M., (2003). Nurses, Negligence, and Malpractice. American Journal of Nursing, 103(9). 54-63. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?article_id=423284 Hurwitz, B. (1998). Clinical guidelines and the law: negligence, discretion, and judgement. UK: Radcliffe Medical Press. McHale, J. V., & Tingle, J. (2001). Law and nursing (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth/Heinemann. Singapore Nursing Board. (2011). Codes of Ethics & Professional Conduct. Retrieved from http://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/dam/hprof/snb/docs/publications/Code%20of%20Ethics%20and%20Professional%20Conduct%20%2815%20Mar%201999%29.pdf

I History of Taj Mahal Essay

The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for reasons more than just looking magnificent. It’s the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its magnificence: a soul that is filled with love, loss, remorse, and love again. Because if it was not for love, the world would have been robbed of a fine example upon which people base their relationships. An example of how deeply a man loved his wife, that even after she remained but a memory, he made sure that this memory would never fade away. This man was the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who was head-over-heels in love with Mumtaz Mahal, his dear wife. She was a Muslim Persian princess (her name Arjumand Banu Begum before marriage) and he was the son of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir and grandson of Akbar the Great. It was at the age of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her. Five years later in the year 1612, they got married. Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving birth to their 14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a magnificent monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the â€Å"Taj Mahal†. The construction of Taj Mahal started in the year 1631. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from Central Asia and Iran, and it took approximately 22 years to build what we see today. An epitome of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants. The monument was built entirely out of white marble, which was brought in from all over India and central Asia. After an expenditure of approximately 32 million rupees (approx US $68000), Taj Mahal was finally completed in the year 1653. It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan was deposed by his own son Aurangzeb and was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort. Shah Jahan, himself also, lies entombed in this mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history, it was at the end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project, which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost during the Indian rebellion of 1857: Taj being blemished by British soldiers and government officials who also deprived the monument of its immaculate beauty by chiseling out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls. Also, the British style lawns that we see today adding on to the beauty of Taj were remodeled around the same time. Despite prevailing controversies, past and present threats from Indo-Pak war and environmental pollution, this epitome of love continuous to shine and attract people from all over the world. II Taj Mahal Story Male Protagonist: Shah Jahan (Prince Khurram) Female Protagonist: Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begum) Taj Mahal, the magnificent monument that stands at the heart of India has a story that has been melting the hearts of millions of listeners since the time Taj has been visible. A story, that although ended back in 1631, continues to live on in the form of Taj and is considered a living example of eternal love. It’s the love story of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, two people from the course of history who set an example for the people living in present and the future to come. An English poet, Sir Edwin Arnold best describes it as â€Å"Not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passion of an emperor’s love wrought in living stones.† The story that follows next will prove why the statement is true. Shah Jahan, initially named Prince Khurram, was born in the year 1592. He was the son of Jehangir, the fourth Mughal emperor of India and the grandson of Akbar the Great. In 1607 when strolling down the Meena Bazaar, accompanied by a string of fawning courtiers, Shah Jahan caught a glimpse of a girl hawking silk and glass beads. It was love at first sight and the girl was Mumtaz Mahal, who was known as Arjumand Banu Begum at that time. At that time, he was 14 years old and she, a Muslim Persian princess, was 15. After meeting her, Shah Jahan went back to his father and declared that he wanted to marry her. The match got solemnized after five years i.e., in the year 1612. It was in the year 1628 that Shah Jahan became the Emperor and entrusted Arjumand Banu with the royal seal. He also bestowed her with the title of Mumtaz Mahal, meaning the â€Å"Jewel of the Palace†. Though Shah Jahan had other wives also, but, Mumtaz Mahal was his favorite and accompanied him everywhere, even on military campaigns. In the year 1631, when Mumtaz Mahal was giving birth to their 14th child, she died due to some complications. While Mumtaz was on her deathbed, Shah Jahan promised her that he would never remarry and will build the richest mausoleum over her grave. It is said that Shah Jahan was so heartbroken after her death that he ordered the court into mourning for two years. Sometime after her death, Shah Jahan undertook the task of erecting the world’s most beautiful monument in the memory of his beloved. It took 22 years and the labor of 22,000 workers to construct the monument. When Shah Jahan died in 1666, his body was placed in a tomb next to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. This magnificent monument came to be known as â€Å"Taj Mahal† and now counts amongst the Seven Wonders of the World. This is the true story of the Taj Mahal of India, which has mesmerized many people with its bewitching beauty. III Taj Mahal Architecture Involvement of 22, 000 workers including masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans called on from all over the central Asia and Iran, and some 22 years later when a monument with a unique blend of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles came into its own, it was a sight to behold! The grandeur of the structure then created was such that even decades after its creation, it is still regarded as one of the most arresting and attention-grabbing manmade monuments of the world. Not just Taj, even structures alongside it add to the architectural beauty and artistic wonder of the place. The entire Taj complex consists of five major constituents, namely Darwaza (main gateway), Bageecha (gardens), Masjid (mosque), Naqqar Khana (rest house) and Rauza (main mausoleum). The Taj Mahal covers an area of 42 acres in total with the terrain gradually sloping from south to north, towards the river Yamuna in the form of descending terraces. The main gateway situated at the end of the long watercourse, decorated in calligraphy with verses from Holy Quran and a domed central chamber, was constructed from the period 1932 to 1938. The original door of this massive sandstone gateway was made out of solid silver. It was constructed to serve the function of preventing the people from getting any glimpse of the tomb until they are right in the doorway itself. With a vertical symmetry, the main gateway of Taj Mahal stands bordered with Arabic calligraphy of verses from the Quran, made up of black stone. The main tomb of Taj Mahal stands on a square platform that was raised 50 meter above the riverbank and was leveled with dirt to reduce seepage from the river. The four minarets on each corner of this square are detached, facing the chamfered angles of the main and are deliberately kept at 137 feet to emphasize the beautiful and spherical dome that itself is 58 feet in diameter and 81 feet high. The western side of the main tomb has the mosque and on the eastern side is the Naqqar Khana (rest/guest house), both made in red sandstone. The two structures not only provide an architectural symmetry, but also make for an aesthetic color contrast. One can only marvel at the mosque and the rest house as despite being on the opposite ends, the two are mirror image of each other. Out of the total area of 580 meter by 300 meter, the garden alone covers 300 meter by 300 meter. The immaculate symmetry with which this garden has been laid out can be experienced everywhere. The Islamic style architecture of this garden also has a well defined meaning that symbolizes spirituality and according to the Holy Quran, the lush green, well watered is a symbol of Paradise in Islam. The raised pathways divide each of the four quarters into 16 flowerbeds with around 400 plants in each bed. Even today, the garden boasts of being a tranquil and soothing region in the entire complex and is considered best place for taking snaps of the main tomb. A shadowy burial crypt inside the Taj Mahal houses the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan himself, who was buried there after he died. Above these tombs is the main chamber that has the false tombs and perforated marble screens have been used to transmit light into the burial chamber, typical of mausoleums of the Mughals. Semi-precious stones are exquisitely inlaid in both the tombs. Calligraphic inscriptions of the ninety nine names of Allah can also be found on the sides of actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj has some wonderful specimens of polychrome inlay art both in the interior and exterior on the dados, on cenotaphs and on the marble jhajjhari (jali-screen) around them. Shah Jahan’s tomb, which lies next to that of Mumtaz Mahal, was never planned and deranges the otherwise perfect symmetry of the Taj. IV Inside The Taj Mahal As majestically dazzling as it looks from the main gateway, with the glorious view of the mosque and the guest house on the sides and the main mausoleum in the centre with four minarets standing proud at each corner, the insides of TAj Mahal are no less stunningly beautified either. Rather, the painstakingly designed and richly carved interiors brilliantly compliment the grandeur of the entire structure with subtleness. With basic elements in Persian, the large white marble structure that stands on the square plinth consists of a symmetrical building with an arch shaped doorway known as Iwan, which is adorned with exquisite calligraphy and is topped by a large dome and a finial. The angles of the tomb consist of semi-octagonal arched alcoves of equal size. Attached pilasters rising from the base of the tomb demark each of the porticos, on both the sides. The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan; as the actual graves are located at a much lower level. Moving ahead, all the elements, architecture, furniture, and decorations culminate together to create an eschatological house for Mumtaz Mahal, and that of Shah Jahan. Formed with black marble inlaid in white, the floor of the Taj is paved in a geometrical pattern consisting of octagonal stars alternating with cruciform shapes. One of the longest echoes of any building in the world can be heard in this perfectly designed hall of 24 feet to a side, with two tiers of eight radiating niches. The natural and beautiful flowers like tulips, irises, daffodils, and narcissus filled in opulent vases appear here in basic tripartite arrangement rather than individual flowering plants of the pishtaq halls outside. Another remarkable feature that surrounds the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the central chamber is the intricately carved marble screen or jali and is a delight to look at. The semi precious stones forming twining vines, fruits, and flowers inlaid delicately form the rest of the surfaces. The burial chamber is located right beneath the central chamber and consists of the actual graves of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan covered by two cenotaphs. And since the Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves, these cenotaphs have different motifs in their decoration. The real cenotaph of Mumtaz The cenotaph of Shah Jahan that was added much later is bigger than the cenotaph of his wife and is more simplistically decorated than his cenotaph above. Although the same designs appear on the sides of the sarcophagus elements, they are smaller in size. Coming out of such elaborately designed structure as Taj is like coming out of an era that had gone by, an era that added to the world in more than one way, an era that has been kept alive by the wonder that is Taj Mahal.

Leadership My Personal Leadership Philosophy - 919 Words

1. Leadership is the ability to inspire and focus members on a common goal, whether short term or long term and have the same vision. Leadership is more than telling or ordering, but having members believe and want to follow the same path as you. It’s a commitment to your people built on trust and respect. Many leaders shaped my personal leadership philosophy, to include several negative and positive experiences. Negative experiences from poor leaders and lessons learned on my part have uniquely shaped this vision. Difficult to be a good follower when your leader lacks competency, integrity, and your trust. If a leader takes credit for work other than their own, or forces and ideology onto others, but does not follow it themselves; these negative influences damage the trust and respect required of all leaders. However, positive experiences can also have a career lasting impact. A leader who inspires through personal actions and convictions can change how an entire un it operates without ever saying a word. 2. There are three leadership behaviors I intend to improve on based upon the Leadership Practices Inventory and self-reflection. As a senior leader I admittedly lack in praising people for a job well done. My shortfalls come from my personal views that self-gratification is more important than any other type of praise or recognition. A person has to be satisfied with themselves before accepting praise. However, I can attest that we can be more critical onShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Leadership Philosophy Of Leadership1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Leadership is an influential word: and its meaning may differ from person to person. Some describe leadership as the people in the highest and most powerful positions within an organization. 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Benefits of Friendship - 1706 Words

Three Benefits I Have Had With a Close Friendship When the traditional family, one with both parents and the children living in the same home, only on television or from an outsider’s perspective, the families appear to be perfect. The family seems happy all the time. However, when looking at your own family it is sometimes realized that this couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, in some families it is the complete opposite, and in my family specifically, I thought it was the norm to be dysfunctional. That is until a close friendship changed my views on family life. My friendship with my best friend opened my eyes to the true meaning of sisterhood, the normal dynamics of a family, and the meaning of unconditional love.†¦show more content†¦In addition to the joy I feel watching my daughters interactions with my best friends family, I feel joy when I see how protective her family are of me as well. Recently I went to their house and I had a friend of mi ne in the car with me. My best friend’s father came outside and gave him the third degree; being protective. He wanted to know who the guy was and what his intentions were with me. That was shocking on so many levels because I have never had anyone take that much interest in the well being of my personal life. It made me feel good that he cared and it made me feel special when he introduced himself as my other father. Her brother is also another story to be told. Just watching him interact with women has shown me what to look out for when dealing with guys. In watching him I have learned to tell when a guy is only interested in what he can get from me versus when a guy is interested in getting to know me and trying to add value to my life. He has been ready to fight guys on my behalf because of things that they have done to me. It feels good to be protected and I have gotten all this from someone else’s family. 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I will also discuss later in my paper why Aristotle believes that Goodness is the best type of friendship over Utility or Pleasure. In addition to that I will also talk about the similarities and differences that these three friendships share between one another. And lastly I will argue why I personally agree with Aristotle and his feelings on how friendship and virtue go hand in hand andRead MoreIs It Possible For Men And Women1589 Words   |  7 Pagesthis problem a bit more, sharing tips on how to avoid the friend zone in the first place. Research on Inter-Sexual Friendship Apparently this friend zone question has been on the table for about a decade. Bleske and Buss (2000) surveyed college students regarding the benefits and costs of opposite sex friendships in their lives. Generally they found that the costs and benefits were the same for both sexes. For example, both sexes enjoyed opposite-sex friends for self-esteem boosts, conversationRead More The Impossibility of a True Selfless Friendship as seen in Shakespeares Timon of Athens1722 Words   |  7 PagesSelfless friendships do not exist, the only friendships that will last contently, and without resentment must benefit both parties in some way. If the relationship is parasitic, and only one person involved is benefitting, then eventually there will be resentment and one or both persons involved will opt to end the friendship. In Shakespeares Timon of Athens, this is most notably seen in the character of Timons, who gives all of his friends gifts and holds feasts for them, but recieves nothing inRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Friendship1415 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood this, he even had his own analysis of friendship. In the Nicomachean Ethics written by Aristotle, books VIII and IX are based off of friendship. Today, the definition of a friend is, â€Å"A person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically one exclusive of sexual or family relations (Oxford Dictionary).† To Aristotle, friendship is much more than this. In this research paper, I will evaluate whether or not Aristotle’s analysis of friendship is applicable to the modern world. AristotleRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On The View Of Friendship818 Words   |  4 Pagesbook describes the view of friendship. He also describes three different type of friendship, which in reality is exactly how friendship is in today society. The question while reading this information is what is friendship in Aristotle point of view? Aristotle believes that there are three different kinds of friendship; that of utility, friendship of pleasure, and virtuous friendship. In his book he describe exactly what each type of friendship really is. Friendship that is of utility is where