Otheloo Free Essays

Race in Othello Race is one of the most prominent themes in William Shakespearean Othello. The titular character is a black man in a predominantly white society and one of the first black heroes of English literature. At the time the play was written, black people were treated poorly by white people and were referred to as â€Å"moors† as they were considered to be barbaric and brutal Just like the area of the moors in northern England. We will write a custom essay sample on Otheloo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main character is one of few exceptions to this as he is a high ranking officer in the Venetian army. However, this does not prevent indirect discrimination Enid his back. The theme of race and racism is displayed using annalistic imagery, allusions to the occult and straight out racist language. It is not only black people discriminated against in the play, women and even different Italian nationalities are discriminated against. At the time of the play this would have been acceptable but in today’s society this mind-set is not politically correct. Othello is the plays primary protagonist. However, because he is black he is the subject of a lot of the characters ridicule. At the beginning of the play, Abrogation is angered that his aught, Desman, is about to marry Othello. Interracial marriage would have been frowned upon at the time. Abrogation describes this as â€Å"too true an evil† expressing his anger at it. However the thing that sets Othello apart from the other Moors is his military background. He serves in the Venetian army which makes him superior to other people of his race. His military service leads people to see him as as opposed to other moors. Despite this, he is not spared from the discrimination of other characters. Ago frequently refers to him as â€Å"black Othello†. This singles him out from the others. At that time black would have also been associated with sin and evil, another reason why the moors were looked down upon by others. This imagery of the occult is linked into the context of the play. Abrogation makes references to Othello being involved with black magic many times. He believes that because of his exotic origins, Othello has links to Satan and the dark arts and that he used this magic to win over his daughter. â€Å"Against all rules of nature and must be driven to find out practices of cunning hell. Abrogation does not like the idea f having mixed-race grandchildren and uses many absurd excuses as to why his daughter fell for Othello. At the time, races such as black people and Jews were accused of working with the devil using black magic. In reality these were Just stories fabricated from rumor and legend to spread fear into people. Othello is even compared to the devi l himself numerous times. At one point, Ago says that Desman will soon grow tired of being married to a moor. He says â€Å"Her eye must be fed and what delight shall she have to look on the devil? † He is comparing Othello o the devil himself. He later goes on to say â€Å"have you not hurt your head? † This may initially seem like an innocent comment but he is actually suggesting that Othello has horns beginning to grow from his forehead. As the play progresses, Othello becomes more paranoid and has evil tendencies. The metaphorical horns growing represent his growing internal evil and the stereotype of moors being evil monsters. Othello himself fears that he will succumb to this evil and says â€Å"a horned man’s a monster and a beast. † By the end of the play, Othello has almost become the stereotypical or feared by white people. A violent murderer blinded by vengeance and insanity. This demonic imagery can be closely linked to the beastly imagery in the play. Another racial stereotype towards moors was their supposed annalistic tendencies. They were thought to be a beastly race and along with the previous satanic imagery, there is a lot of beastly imagery as well. Early in the play, Ago says to Abrogation that â€Å"an old black ram is tipping your white ewe. † He uses the word â€Å"black† to put emphasis Othello race and provoke Abrogation by telling him that that he and Desman are making â€Å"the beast with two backs. † Ago knows that a black man having sex with his daughter will enrage him so he chooses his words carefully to full fill his motives. Later on Ago describes Othello transition into the stereotypical annalistic moor. He says that â€Å"he foams at the mouth and by and by breaks out to savage madness. † This is almost like a savage animal that foams at the mouth and snarls which represents what Othello has become. Towards the end of the play, Othello beats his chest in a similar fashion to a gorilla. This is a prime example of his ruinations from a noble general to the fear that had been pumped into the white population at the time. He is now the physical manifestation of what people think of his kind and is reinforcing the racial stereotype of moors. As you can see, black people were perceived as barbaric monsters that practiced black magic at the time the play was written. Although initially he was nothing like this, Othello slowly becomes this image of the typical moor. Racism towards black people is evidently the predominant example of race in the play. However, it is not the only example. Venetians regarded themselves very highly at the time of the play so practically any sort of ‘outsider’ was discriminated against. Michael Cassia is a Florentine and at the time, people from Florence were regarded as academics and scholars. This gives Cassia a reputation as such. Ago says that Cassia â€Å"never set a squadron in the field† which makes him out to be meek. He also says that Cassia displays â€Å"mere prattle without practice† meaning that he is all talk without actually acting on his words. The typical stereotype for Florentine at the time was that they were not made for fighting UT for being scholars. However, later in the play Cassia goes on to disprove this stereotype when he gets in a drunken brawl. This display of violence is a contradiction of the Florentine stereotype and makes people see Cassia in a different light for the rest of the play. Women are also frequently discriminated against in the play. There are three female characters in the play and at the end of it all of them have been referred to as a â€Å"where† at least once throughout its course. At the time of the play women were expected to obey and serve their husbands and treat them tit the utmost respect regardless of how they were treated. Emilie and Desman are both beaten by their respective husbands at least once and Bianca is mocked frequently by Cassia. He calls her a â€Å"poor caitiff’ and even a â€Å"monkey’. She appears to love him yet he only uses her for his sexual desires. He brags to Ago about how â€Å"she falls thus about (Caddis) neck† and they both laugh at her. Emilie is aware of how women are mistreated and is a feminist of sorts amongst the more submissive female characters. She says â€Å"(men) are all but stomachs and we all but food to eat us angrily and when they are full they belch us. This shows she is aware of how men used women at that time and how she opposed it. In reality, the women have the ability to bring the men to their knees. Othello spiral into insanity at the thought of Adhesion’s infidelity is a prime example of this. Although they are mistreated and seen as mere objects by most men they have the potential to manipulate men to cater to their every n eed. Race is evidently an important theme in Othello. At the time, people tended to be slightly narrow-minded or prejudice towards people whom hey perceived as different. Different races or genders are heavily discriminated against by other races or genders using crude metaphors and absurd stereotypes. However, the play seems to contradict these stereotypes. The black character was initially more civil and moral than the others and the women indirectly bring down many of the male characters. It shows how looks can be deceiving and how stereotypes and race can affect our Judgment of people. Even in today’s society this can be seen. Othello is a prime example of how Judging people by their race can be wrong. How to cite Otheloo, Papers Otheloo Free Essays The titular character is a black man in a predominantly white society and one of the first black heroes of English literature. At the time the play was written, black people were treated poorly by white people and were referred to as â€Å"moors† as they were considered to be barbaric and brutal Just like the area of the moors in northern England. The main character is one of few exceptions to this as he is a high ranking officer in the Venetian army. We will write a custom essay sample on Otheloo or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, this does not prevent indirect discrimination Enid his back. The theme of race and racism is displayed using annalistic imagery, allusions to the occult and straight out racist language. It is not only black people discriminated against in the play, women and even different Italian nationalities are discriminated against. At the time of the play this would have been acceptable but in today’s society this mind-set is not politically correct. Othello is the plays primary protagonist. However, because he is black he is the subject of a lot of the characters ridicule. At the beginning of the play, Abrogation is angered that his aught, Desman, is about to marry Othello. Interracial marriage would have been frowned upon at the time. Abrogation describes this as â€Å"too true an evil† expressing his anger at it. However the thing that sets Othello apart from the other Moors is his military background. He serves in the Venetian army which makes him superior to other people of his race. His military service leads people to see him as â€Å"valiant† as opposed to other moors. Despite this, he is not spared from the discrimination of other characters. Sago frequently refers to him as â€Å"black Othello†. This singles him out from the others. At that time black would have also been associated with sin and evil, another reason why the moors were looked down upon by others. This imagery of the occult is linked into the context of the play. Abrogation makes references to Othello being involved with black magic many times. He believes that because of his exotic origins, Othello has links to Satan and the dark arts and that he used this magic to win over his daughter. â€Å"Against all rules of nature and must be driven to find out practices of cunning hell. Abrogation does not like the idea f having mixed-race grandchildren and uses many absurd excuses as to why his daughter fell for Othello. At the time, races such as black people and Jews were accused of working with the devil using black magic. In reality these were Just stories fabricated from rumor and legend to spread fear into people. Othello is even compared to the dev il himself numerous times. At one point, Sago says that Desman will soon grow tired of being married to a moor. He says â€Å"Her eye must be fed and what delight shall she have to look on the devil? † He is comparing Othello o the devil himself. He later goes on to say â€Å"have you not hurt your head? † This may initially seem like an innocent comment but he is actually suggesting that Othello has horns beginning to grow from his forehead. As the play progresses, Othello becomes more paranoid and has evil tendencies. The metaphorical horns growing represent his growing internal evil and the stereotype of moors being evil monsters. Othello himself fears that he will succumb to this evil and says â€Å"a horned man’s a monster and a beast. † By the end of the play, Othello has almost become the stereotypical or feared by white people. A violent murderer blinded by vengeance and insanity. This demonic imagery can be closely linked to the beastly imagery in the play. Another racial stereotype towards moors was their supposed annalistic tendencies. They were thought to be a beastly race and along with the previous satanic imagery, there is a lot of beastly imagery as well. Early in the play, Sago says to Abrogation that â€Å"an old black ram is tipping your white ewe. † He uses the word â€Å"black† to put emphasis Othello race and provoke Abrogation by telling him that that he and Desman are making â€Å"the beast with two backs. † Sago knows that a black man having sex with his daughter will enrage him so he chooses his words carefully to full fill his motives. Later on Sago describes Othello transition into the stereotypical annalistic moor. He says that â€Å"he foams at the mouth and by and by breaks out to savage madness. † This is almost like a savage animal that foams at the mouth and snarls which represents what Othello has become. Towards the end of the play, Othello beats his chest in a similar fashion to a gorilla. This is a prime example of his ruinations from a noble general to the fear that had been pumped into the white population at the time. He is now the physical manifestation of what people think of his kind and is reinforcing the racial stereotype of moors. As you can see, black people were perceived as barbaric monsters that practiced black magic at the time the play was written. Although initially he was nothing like this, Othello slowly becomes this image of the typical moor. Racism towards black people is evidently the predominant example of race in the play. However, it is not the only example. Venetians regarded themselves very highly at the time of the play so practically any sort of ‘outsider’ was discriminated against. Michael Cassia is a Florentine and at the time, people from Florence were regarded as academics and scholars. This gives Cassia a reputation as such. Sago says that Cassia â€Å"never set a squadron in the field† which makes him out to be meek. He also says that Cassia displays â€Å"mere prattle without practice† meaning that he is all talk without actually acting on his words. The typical stereotype for Florentine at the time was that they were not made for fighting UT for being scholars. However, later in the play Cassia goes on to disprove this stereotype when he gets in a drunken brawl. This display of violence is a contradiction of the Florentine stereotype and makes people see Cassia in a different light for the rest of the play. Women are also frequently discriminated against in the play. There are three female characters in the play and at the end of it all of them have been referred to as a â€Å"where† at least once throughout its course. At the time of the play women were expected to obey and serve their husbands and treat them tit the utmost respect regardless of how they were treated. Emilie and Desman are both beaten by their respective husbands at least once and Bianca is mocked frequently by Cassia. He calls her a â€Å"poor caitiff’ and even a â€Å"monkey’. She appears to love him yet he only uses her for his sexual desires. He brags to Sago about how â€Å"she falls thus about (Caddis) neck† and they both laugh at her. Emilie is aware of how women are mistreated and is a feminist of sorts amongst the more submissive female characters. She says â€Å"(men) are all but stomachs and we all but food to eat us angrily and when they are full they belch us. This shows she is aware of how men used women at that time and how she opposed it. In reality, the women have the ability to bring the men to their knees. Othello spiral into insanity at the thought of Adhesion’s infidelity is a prime example of this. Although they are mistreated and seen as mere objects by most men they have the potential to manipulate men to cater to their every need. Race is evidently an important theme in Othello. At the time, people tended to be slightly narrow-minded or prejudice towards people whom hey perceived as different. Different races or genders are heavily discriminated against by other races or genders using crude metaphors and absurd stereotypes. However, the play seems to contradict these stereotypes. The black character was initially more civil and moral than the others and the women indirectly bring down many of the male characters. It shows how looks can be deceiving and how stereotypes and race can affect our Judgment of people. Even in today’s society this can be seen. Othello is a prime example of how Judging people by their race can be wrong. How to cite Otheloo, Papers

Leonardo Da Vinci paper Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci paper Essay Leonardo Dad Vinci, he grew up lonely in his birthplace Italy, were his parents didnt really want a child in the first place. The first thing and best thing that his father did for the young boy was to put him in art school. Even know Dad Vinci was lonely he had the great nature to refer to and drew the earth for hours and hours of the day. Leonardo Dad Vinci was more than Just a painter; he created the types of machines that soldiers could use during the war. Dad Vinci was a vegetarian who loved pets and absolutely despised war, but worked as a military engineer and invent unique war machines to destroy the cities or countries. This bold young gentlemen contrived appliances and real life looking paintings that follow you were ever you go. During the 15th and 16th centuries men began to revive the arts and the sciences which had almost been forgotten during the middle ages. This period in history is called the renaissance. One of the greatest men of the renaissance was Leonardo did seer Piper dad Vinci. Vinci was born on April. 5th, 1452, in a small town called Michigan, which was near Vinci. Vinci was a unique boy with lots of intelligent and when he was young he used to admire the outside world and drew rocks and trees for his entertainment. Even though he was a lonely kid and an only child, he seemed smarter than the other kids that lived near him. Vinci had parents but they broke up after his birth, after they separated his father rais ed him. Later on when Vinci was age 1 5 and already mastered the full potential of an artist was sent away by his father, to a man named Andrea del Overarching and was a pupil in his workshop. In 1472, working with del Overarching, Dad Vinci was obtained into the painters guild of Florence. Vinci worked with Overarching for 10 years and humiliated Overarching so many times he quit being a painter, which was astounding because only so many students humiliate their own master. As this young teen growing up he never lost the interest or his reputation as an artist but His interest in painting led him to study anatomy, the science of light and vision, the growth and structure of plants, and other subjects which would help him in his art. Later on down the road when Vines career started to gain, he was charged with sodomys, later the charges were dropped but he was humiliated when he was not hoses to be hired to paint the Sistine Chapel. Dad Vinci was going back and forth place to place going back to Florence for the second time to serve Cesar Barrio in 1502. In 1512 Leonardo went to Rome where the new pope was one of the Medics, his patron family. Dad Vinci did not remain too long in Rome but went instead back to Milan to prepare for the arrival of the King of France. In 1516 he left for France at the invitation of King Francis the first. While living in France he received a castle of Cloud and some money to live on. Leonardo spent his last two and a half years there. He painted a bit, but one of his hands was now slightly paralyzed because of a stroke. Leonardo Dad Vinci died in 1519 at age of 67 and was buried at Ambrose near his castle. He has become known as a true example of the Renaissance man because Leonardo was interested in almost everything. (http://www. Dovetailing. Com/ index. HTML) Leonardo had lots of students while he was alive but one student hanged out than the rest he taught than later adopted a child named Giant Giaconda Capacitor dad Reno, which he nicknamed the boy Salami which is also referred to as little Satan. Vinci eased the ten year old boy with extra care. He was odd, and used to destroy most of his work. Giant was named Salami because he would steal from Dad Vinci and steal from other people to as well. In the first y ear with Vinci, Salami was given a cloak, six shirts, three doublets and twenty four pairs of shoes. .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .postImageUrl , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:hover , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:visited , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:active { border:0!important; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:active , .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3 .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc7a5204c6ac2e99c64fbd0a4c7f59c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Middle Ages vs Renaissance ComparisonEven after all that he kept stealing, so Dad Vinci had to keep an eye on him the whole time they were in public. Giant showed some great work in painting but didnt become a painter. Vinci taught him some skills but always had to clean up Giants paintings. (http://www. Lardier. Org. NZ/Leonardo/ alai. HTML) Dad Vinci painted so many real live looking people in his painting; its incredible to think about back in the 1 5th and 16th century. One of Leonardo first paintings was with Andrea del Overarching and they drew the Baptism of Christ. Overarching told Vinci to paint the knelling angel and Vinci did a better Job than his own master. During his lifetime he has painted so many pictures that have been amazing. Some great works that Leonardo has painted were The Last Supper, when Leonardo remained in Milan for 17 years during which time he painted the famous Last Supper and completed a 6 foot model of the Oxfords statue. In 1499 French troops invaded Milan and Leonardo was unharmed, he fled to Venice. In a later invasion by the French, the model of the Oxfords statue was broken up, and there is no record of it besides for Leonardo sketches. Another Painting that Leonardo did back in Florence was one of his famous paintings La Giaconda which is more commonly known as the Mona Lisa. Madonna Lisa, the wife of a Florentine merchant. Leonardo worked on the painting for four years. The poet ranks far below the painter in the representation of visible wings, and far below the musician in that of invisible things. (http://www. Leonardo- dad-Vinci-biography. Com/quotes. HTML) Leonardo Dad Vinci painted tons but he also made military weapons and helped out. Many of his weapons were very helpful for the war and some are even still used today. Some weapons that Vinci came up with was his helicopter, first ever designed helicopter that was also referred to as Arial Screw, Leonardo felt that men could operate it by pushing the four parts to rotate the propeller. One of the inventions that he made, that we still used today is a parachute. One of the most known inventions Dad Vinci came up with was the glider he made with no engine, which could keep itself up from the wind currents. Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return. (http://www. Goodness. Com/quotes/5504-once- you-have-tasted-flight-you-will-forever-walk-the) Leonardo even came up with the first armored car that was designed as a cone shaped top for all the bullets to ricochet off of the armored car. Leonardo made so many other inventions to, he even invented the first crane, scuba diving suit, and he was so interested in the study of light and vision. He understood the principle which causes light to cast an image upside down on a screen Just like our cameras now. Dad Vinci helped out so much in his life time; he was a lonely man but dedicated his life time work to art, inventions and became one of the most genuine and one of the most popular people ever known. Without him the world wouldnt be the same today. He could build and draw the types of war machines with his imagination and could bring ideas and make them to life.

Prepare and Monitor Budget-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Research and prepare the 2 different Operational Plans and Budget Information Plans for a restaurant/cafe. The term "Operational pPan" can be interpreted as any plan that may be required to support day-to-day workplace operations. Answer: Operational plan I for a Restaurant Business The staff of the restaurant is to be divided into two shifts and the workforce should be divided equally according to their skills. Shift 1 - Comprising of 12 members that include 6 waiters, 4 cooks, 1 Receptionist and 1 Manager, 1 cleaning staff (Shift timing Morning 10 am 4 pm) Shift 2 - Comprising of 12 members that include 6 waiters, 4 cooks, 1 Receptionist and 1 Manager. 1 cleaning staff (4 pm 10 pm) The table, sheets, and the room should be cleaned each and every day so that they look clean and tidy. The cleaning staff should clean the toilet twice every day (Altinay, Paraskevas, and Jang, 2015). The receptionist should see that there is change in the billing counter. The kitchen staff should see that the kitchen stays clean and all the materials are available or not. If there is a shortage of a particular material then it is to be made known to the manager. The manager is responsible for the smooth functioning of the restaurant. It is the duty of the manager to solve any problem that may arise and also to see that each and every member carries out their respective duties properly (Ward, 2016). Waiter should see that the customer are provided with best service possible as they play a great role as getting into direct contact with the customer. They need to provide swift services in the best possible way. All the members should come one hour early to get the briefing of the day. The restaurant wants to increase their sale by 10% so the waiter should try to up sell the products (Berthelsen et al, 2014). Budget Information Plan - 1 Long term cost Staff Salary: $ 20000 Food: $ 45000 Drinks: $ 50000 Supplies: $60000 Short Term Cost Marketing/Advertising: Communications: $ 30000 Professional Fees: $ 20000 Office Operations: $ 40000 Management Salaries/Wages and the Associated Benefits Overhead Cost Electricity Bill: $ 60000 Telephone Bill: $50000 Cost of equipments Mixer Grinder: $10000 Juicer: $15000 Oven: $20000 Coffee Machine: $ 25000 Operational plan II for a Restaurant Business There should be only one shift that is to be maintained the staff members should work from 10 am in the morning and till 10 pm in the right. The briefings for all the members are to be done by the manager each and every day. The cleaning staff will see that everything including kitchen is clean. Proper cleaning is to be done (Blay-Palmer and Knezevic, 2015). It is the duty of the manager to see that all the duties are to be performed by the members. Any problem that may arise by their respective person, who is responsible for that particular situation. The kitchen staff should do the procurement for any kind of kitchen stock or raw materials. The waiter should see that the ambience should be maintained properly. Manager will not be responsible arising and any such problem is to be solved by the respectable person in relation to that particular work (Cokins, 2017). The restaurant wants to establish itself as the best Chinese restaurant in the town as they have good chief for Chinese food. So more focus should be given on it Budget Information Plan 2 Fixed Cost Rent: $100000 Salary of employees: $70000 Purchase of materials: $ 30000 Variable Cost Purchase of equipment: $40000 Advertisement: $ 10000 Renovation: $ 15000 Miscellaneous Cost Loss of items: $5000 Wastages: $5000 Time cost Waste of time: $ 5000 Ramifications of their budget modifications To create a budget is very important as it gives us an idea about what are the total expenses that can be incurred. The budget may not exactly match with the reality but they give us a fair idea what amount of expenses will be faced by us. The budget is created by taking the previous year expenses keeping in mind. The expense that is incurred previous financial year gives us a fair idea about how much budget is to be calculated this year. In order to modify a budget there are many factors that are needed to be considered. We need to consult the budget of the previous year and accordingly formulate the budget. It is hard to understand what are the factors that will play a role in the budget and what changes are to be made from the budget of the previous year (Dai et al, 2014). Allocation of funds as outlined in the budget Budgeting is a very sensitive thing, it is a calculated assumption, so we cant be one hundred percent sure about the budget but we need to go as close as possible. Every year the amount of expenses changes and accordingly the changes are to be made in the budget. What are the factors that will change is hard to understand and predict. Through budgeting we try to go as near as possible to the exact expenses. The Funds that is being allocated for a particular set of things are to be allotted accordingly keeping it as same as possible. If there is an extreme need to change the amount that is allotted in the budget is to be changed as minimal as possible. It is to be kept in mind that budget is a whole plan or framework upon which the business function of the whole financial year will be based and it is made keeping many factors in mind. So if we make massive change in the budget, in that case it may have negative effect on the business (Dewe, 2016). Promote awareness of the importance of budget control and how to keep the colleagues and stakeholders informed of the budget The stake holders are to be informed about the budget of the organization, so that they have a fair idea about the companys act and so that they can act accordingly. This will help them aligning with the budget and they will also have an idea about how much the company is willing to invest on what and act accordingly (Trishkina, 2014). The resources are to be divided under some categories according to their expenses. There are some resources upon which the expenses are regular in nature and there are some expenses which are not that frequent. There are also some expenses that happen in an organization which occurs at by-chance. These expenses are categorized and each category is then allotted with a budget and then this budget is divided amongst the expenses (Van der Wagen and Goonetilleke,2015) Maintain all records of resource allocation The budget built a frame work of how the company and its stake holders will function and this also gives a guideline of how far the company is willing to bend in terms of expenses and what are its limitation. Budgeting is a very important factor in terms of functioning of the company. Without the help of the budget it will be extremely difficult for the company and its stake holders to function. So the budget is to be given outmost respect and maintained strict as much as possible and if the rules are to be bend in that case it is to be seen whether it is good for the organization or no, so that there is no negative effect to the organization (Vincent et al , 2014). References Altinay, L., Paraskevas, A. and Jang, S.S., 2015.Planning research in hospitality and tourism. Routledge. Berthelsen, R.M., Barkley, W.C., Oliver, P.M., McLymont, V. and Puckett, R., 2014. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2014 standards of professional performance for registered dietitian nutritionists in management of food and nutrition systems.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,114(7), pp.1104-1112. Blay-Palmer, A. and Knezevic, I., 2015. 22. Building sustainable communities through alternative food systems.Handbook on the Globalisation of Agriculture, p.446. Cokins, G., 2017.Strategic business management: From planning to performance. John Wiley Sons. Dai, J., Jiang, W., Liu, G., Xu, J., Zhao, L. and Liu, A., 2014, June. Rating Aware Route Planning in Road Networks. InInternational Conference on Web-Age Information Management(pp. 223-235). Springer, Cham. Dewe, M., 2016.Planning public library buildings: Concepts and issues for the librarian. Routledge. Trishkina, O., 2014. Marketing plan for company X. Van der Wagen, L. and Goonetilleke, A., 2015.Hospitality Management, Strategy and Operations. Pearson Higher Education AU. Vincent, K., Dougill, A.J., Dixon, J., Stringer, L.C., Cull, T., Mkwambisi, D.D. and Chanika, D., 2014. Actual and potential weather and climate information needs for development planning in Malawi: Results of a Future Climate for Africa pilot case study.Future climate for Africa pilot case studies. Retrieved from https://cdkn. org/resource/climate-information-decision-making-malawi. Ward, J., 2016.Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer.

The Fall Of The Roman Empire Essays (1299 words) - First Triumvirate

The Fall Of The Roman Empire For men who had easily endured hardship, danger and difficult uncertainty, leisure and riches, though in some ways desirable, proved burdensome and a source of grief. The causes for the breakdown of the early Roman Republic cannot be attributed to a single event, trend or individual, rather it was due to a combination of all three in varying degrees. The principal and fundamental cause was the breakdown of the political checks and balances, particularly the Cursus Honorum from 133 BC onwards. This subversion occurred both accidentally and through the subversive behavior of individuals, unconsciously and consciously undermining the fabric of the republic in their quest for power and glory. One substantial outcome of this incapacitation was the emergence of violence as a political means. Once this had occurred the end of the old republic was heralded an autocratic dictatorship was born. The republic was born out of a collapsed monarchy and was specifically geared to prevent a centralization of power. The mechanisms to this end were contained in the Cursus Honorum, a document that outlined the ladder of offices. It demanded, among other things, 10 years of military or legal service before any magistracy could be held, annual election and two years between consecutive offices. This system was designed to ensure that no individual could become too powerful by dividing jurisdiction between several groups and allowing for veto. The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius are often blamed for causing divisions and antagonizing the aristocracy and particularly the senate by introducing laws and legislation that, although promoting egalitarianism for the poor, were catalysts to later breaches of the Cursus Honorum. Both Tiberius and Gaius had laws enacted without consulting the senate. This weakened the senate's power and started a trend of ignoring the senate that remained until the breakdown. These Graccian reforms included the implementation of a welfare system whereby Romans citizens would be given free corn and the Lex Agraria or land reforms that broke down the latafundia and increased the number of small-scale farms. The welfare corn system not only aroused violent anger from the nobility but also created an urban mob that relied on handouts and later participated in violence. Tiberius Gracchus ran for election to the tribunate for two years consecutively (123 and 122 BC). This was in direct contradiction to the Cursus Honorum. The senate, when they heard of Tiberius' plan, killed him. This action was significant, due to it being the first time that violence had been used for a political end, it was not to be the last. Marius and Sulla, great leaders of Rome from 119 to 78 BC, can be attributed part of the blame for the breakdown of the republic. Their constant quarreling led to factional fighting amongst the people and eventually to civil war. Marius came into power before Sulla and, like the Gracchi, showed a tendency towards disturbing the status quo and antagonized the nobility. Marius' reforms centered on military change, the most controversial of which was the extension of military service for the landless class. This seemingly insignificant reform had wide repercussions since it created semi-professional soldiers rather than a citizen militia. Since no pension scheme was organized, the soldiers were largely dependent on their commanders for payment and pensions of land. This dependence led to the soldiers being tied to their commanders, allowing for the later development of armies that were loyal to individuals rather than to the state. Marius' contempt for the Cursus Honorum is illustrated by his standing in the consular elections while not in Rome, a post that he gained and held for six years. This action was in dire ct contradiction to the rule of one-year consulships in the Cursus Honorum and allowed Marius to establish a power base that he used for his own political designs. Both Marius and Sulla used violence openly as a political means. The first such incident was during the tribunal election where Marius killed Nonnius, a political opponent to his friend Saturnius. This was not the only example of violence from Marius. When returned from exile, he killed everyone who had ever offended him and took their land for himself. Sulla was not much

Creation of the Roman Empire Essay Example

Creation of the Roman Empire Paper The contributions of the Roman heritage on the modern West cannot be overemphasized. Even from ancient times the Roman Republic, and later the Roman Empire, was regarded as a successful template for all of civilization. The Romans had a superb ability to organize and administer to the needs of their citizens and also developed a tremendous legal system that is fundamentally in use even today. In the early republic, social divisions determined the shape of politics. Political power was in the hands of the aristocracy – the patricians. They dominated the affairs of state, provided military leadership in time of war, and monopolized knowledge of law and legal procedure. The common people – the small farmers, artisans, and landless urban dwellers – had few of the patricians advantages. They did, however, have a voice in politics but were mostly overshadowed by the patricians. One of the greatest institutions of the republic was the formation of the Senate, a council of noble elders who advised the king. The creation of several assemblies through which laws and policy decisions were made provided the foundation for a structured government in Rome. In comparing historical Roman political bodies to that of the present day United States it is easy to understand the influence that Roman history had on the framers of our own constitution and system of government. The Roman senate retains its name and also its function. The Roman consuls relate to our countrys legislative assembly while a Roman praetor most closely resembles a judge or attorney. We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of the Roman Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Roman system of law was one of the earliest in history to enforce the belief that all men were created equal and are the basis of modern civil law. Roman law also established the precedent that the burden of proof weighed on the accuser, creating the belief that someone is innocent until proven guilty. It also stated that a person could not be punished for a thought but only an action.

Types of Reactions Essays - Chemical Properties, Mass, Free Essays

Types of Reactions Essays - Chemical Properties, Mass, Free Essays Types of Reactions -Synthesis A + B = AB -Decomposition AB = A + B -Single Displacement A + BC = AC + B -Double Displacement AB + CD = AD + CB -Combustion (metal burns with oxygen) C + O2 = CO2 Balancing Equations Must have equal number of atoms on each side of the equation based on the Law of Conservation of Mass. Steps to Balance an Equation -write out unbalanced equation -create a table with a column for reactants and products -balance equations using coefficients balance elements other than O and H balance polyatomic ions that appear unchanged balance other elements balance H and then O Isotopes Isotopes- atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons Radioisotopes- isotopes with unstable nuclei that decay into different often stable, isotopes Isotopic abundance- the amount of a given isotope of an element that exists in nature, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of this element Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) AMU- one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom Average Mass- sum of masses /# of masses Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) RAM- the atomic mass of an element in relation to that of another element To calculate RAM -RAM = m1f1 + m2f2 -Answer expressed in AMU (u) The Mole Mole- the SI based unit that is used to measure the amount of a substance; symbol is n; unit is mol Molar Mass- the mass of one mole of a substance; symbol is M; unit is g/mol Avogadros Constant- the number of particles in one mole of a substance; equal to 6.02 x 1023 particles Conversion Triangles Law of Conservation of Mass During a chemical reaction, the mass does not change, therefore the mass is conserved. Law of Definite Proportions Elements in a compound are always present in the same proportion by mass. e.g. water = 11.2% Hydrogen by mass 88.8% Oxygen by mass % mass of element=mass of element x100 mass of compound Mass percent- the mass of an element in a compound, expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the compound Percentage composition- the percent by mass of each element in a compound Method 1: Chemical formula known % composition of alanine (C3H7NO2) % mass of element=total mass of element molar mass M= (12.0x3)+(1.0x7)+(14.0)+(16.0x2) = 89.0 g/mol % carbon=12.0x3 x100 = 40.4% 89.0g/mol % hydrogen=1.0x7 x100 = 7.9% 89.0g/mol % nitrogen=14.0 x100 = 15.7% 89.0g/mol %oxygen=16.0x2 x100 = 36.0% 89.0g/mol Method 2: Chemical formula unknown A 24.5g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon is decomposed to yield 20.2g of pure carbon and 4.3g of hydrogen gas. Calculate % composition of this hydrocarbon. m of compound = 24.5g m of carbon = 20.2g m of hydrogen = 4.3g mass % C = mass of C x100 mass of compound = 20.2g x100 24.5g = 82.4% mass % of H= 100% - 82.4% = 17.6% Method 3: Composition from ratio When hydrogen combines with oxygen, it does so in a 1:8 ratio by mass. Calculate the % hydrogen. G- 1.0g H 8.0g O R- % composition A- % H = mass of H x100 mass of H+O M- % H = 1.0g x100 9.0g = 11% Empirical Formula Empirical formula- a formula that shows the smallest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound Determining Empirical Formula -Convert percentage composition data into mass data by assuming that the total mass of the sample is 100g -Determine the number of moles of each element in the sample by dividing the mass by the molar mass of each element -Convert the number of moles of each element into whole numbers that become subscripts in the empirical formula by dividing each amount in moles by the smallest amount -If the subscripts are not yet whole numbers, determine the least common multiple that will make the decimal values into whole numbers. Multiply all subscripts by this least common multiple. Use these numbers as subscripts to complete the empirical formula Empirical Formula from % Composition Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that is 85.6% carbon and 14.4% hydrogen G- % carbon 85.6% % hydrogen 14.4% assume 100g of C?H? R- empirical formula= ? nC=? nH=? A- nC= mC nH= mH MC MH M- nC= 85.6g 12.011g/mol nC=7.1268004 mol nH= 14.4g 1.00794 g/mol nH=14.286565 mol ratio of nC to nH = 7.1268004 mol 14.286565 mol ratio of nC to nH = 1:2 S- therefore the empirical formula is CH4 Molecular Formula Molecular formula- the formula for a compound that shows the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule of that compound Determining Molecular Formula -Write the empirical formula -Determine the integer that

West Side Story Anaylsis essays

West Side Story Anaylsis essays As a contemporary musical, West Side Story differs from Romeo and Juliet in form and detail, but stays true to the tragedy of innocent love caught in a complex social web that predestines its demise. In West Side Story, love at first sight between Tony and Maria set off a tragic chain of events which bring the story to its heartbreaking conclusion. Maria is Puerto Rican, Tony, Polish-American; they are young, innocent, rebellious-indifferent to the societal boundaries which they are trespassing. Like Romeo and Juliet, love is all that matters to. Inevitably, social reality intrudes upon the inter-racial lovers idealized world. Instead of the warring Montagues and Capulets, West Side Story revolves around two street gangs, the Sharks and the Jets. At this point in time, the impoverished white immigrant culture, which Tony represents, is being hreatened by the influx of new immigrant populations, especially the Puerto Ricans, who are beginning new lives in America. The young street gangs that arise from these ghettos demonstrate their frustrations and tensions through turf wars and street fights. Tony is a member of the Jets, the American gang. Maria's brother, Bernardo, and her Puerto Rican suitor, Chino, are members of the Sharks. Gangs are one of the results of poverty, discrimination and urban deterioration. Some experts believe that young people, undereducated and without access to good jobs, become frustrated with their lives and join gangs as an alternative to boredom, hopelessness and devastating poverty. Studies have attempted to determine why gangs plague some communities but there has been no definitive answer. As a result, people working to solve gang problems have great difficulty. They find the situation overwhelming, and the violence continues. The reason for some of this vilolence has to deal with the differences in culture between the two gangs and there ethinicity. As we have learned in socilogy cultur...